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Table 3 Exploratory regression analyses examining associations between responses and demographic/agency characteristics

From: Beliefs of US chiefs of police about substance use disorder, fentanyl exposure, overdose response, and use of discretion: results from a national survey

 

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals

Discretion a

Trust b

Opioid response

Methamphetamine response

Methamphetamine de- escalation

Fentanyl risk

Cocaine less harmful d

Opioids less harmful d

Methamphetamine less harmful d

Crack cocaine less harmful d

Census regions

          

Northeast

Reference

South

1.50 (0.80, 2.82)

1.17 (0.59, 2.31)

0.36 (0.19, 0.67) **

1.64 (0.85, 3.17)

0.91 (0.47, 1.78)

0.89 (0.44, 1.80)

0.99 (0.47, 1.70)

1.58 (0.76, 3.28)

0.30 (0.15, 0.58) **

0.82 (0.43, 1.54)

Midwest

1.09 (0.60, 1.97)

1.20 (0.64, 2.24)

0.56 (0.31, 1.02) *

2.11 (1.15, 3.90) **

1.57 (0.85, 2.91)

0.82 (0.43, 1.55)

0.99 (0.56, 1.78)

1.76 (0.91, 3.39) *

0.33 (0.18, 0.61) **

1.67 (0.92, 3.02) *

West

1.66 (0.75, 3.68)

1.65 (0.70, 3.89)

0.90 (0.41, 1.99)

4.38 (1.96, 9.80) **

1.97 (0.83, 4.68)

0.67 (0.30, 1.53)

1.67 (0.75, 3.72)

1.26 (0.53, 2.99)

0.24 (0.10, 0.53) **

2.07 (0.95, 4.55)

Urbanicity

          

Metro/micropolitan

Reference

Small town/rural

1.07 (0.63, 1.80)

0.73 (0.41, 1.28)

0.53 (0.31, 0.90) **

1.03 (0.62, 1.70)

0.47 (0.27, 0.80) **

1.44 (0.80, 2.60)

1.66 (0.97, 2.83)

1.80 (1.03, 3.16) **

0.53 (0.31, 0.91) **

1.09 (0.64, 1.84)

Tenure

          

Years as chief

1.02 (0.99, 1.06)

1.00 (0.97, 1.04)

1.01 (0.98, 1.05)

1.02 (0.99, 1.06)

1.01 (0.97, 1.04)

0.99 (0.95, 1.02)

0.96 (0.93, 0.10) **

1.03 (0.99, 1.07)

0.96 (0.93, 0.99) **

0.99 (0.95, 1.02)

Years not as chief

1.01 (0.98, 1.04)

1.01 (0.98, 1.04)

0.99 (0.97, 1.03)

1.02 (0.99, 1.05)

1.01 (0.98, 1.05)

0.10 (0.97, 1.03)

0.98 (0.96, 1.01)

0.99 (0.96, 1.02)

1.03 (0.99, 1.06) *

0.98 (0.95, 1.00)

Staffing

          

Residents per officer

0.95 (0.85, 1.05)

1.03 (0.92, 1.15)

1.02 (0.92, 1.14)

1.10 (0.98, 1.22) *

1.01 (0.91, 1.13)

0.92 (0.82, 1.04)

1.03 (0.92, 1.15)

1.06 (0.94, 1.19)

0.90 (0.80, 0.99) **

1.05 (0.94, 1.18)

  1. * denotes significance at P < 0.01
  2. ** denotes significance at P < 0.05
  3. a One arm referred to the arrested individual as a “person” and the other as a “drug user”
  4. b One arm referred to the arrested individual as a “person” and the other as a “drug user”
  5. c One arm referred to illicit use as intending “to manage their opioid addiction on their own“ and the other as intending “to get high with a less dangerous drug than heroin or fentanyl“
  6. d One arm asked participants to rank the substance in its “relative harms to the community you serve” and the other in its “relative threat to the safety of the community you serve”
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