Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with rate of ED presentation

CIRS score

No multimorbidity (0–1)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Moderate multimorbidity (2)

1.40 (1.08–1.81)

1.23 (0.94–1.63)

1.26 (0.94–1.70)

Complex multimorbidity (3+)

1.59 (1.22–2.07)

1.65 (1.26–2.16)

1.31 (0.95–1.81)

Mental health status

No mental disorder

1.00 (ref)

-

1.00 (ref)

SUD only

1.44 (1.06–1.96)

-

1.11 (0.80–1.55)

Mental illness only

1.74 (1.27–2.39)

-

1.48 (1.08–2.03)

Dual diagnosis

2.51 (1.94–3.26)

-

1.78 (1.33–2.37)

Age

18–24

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

25–40

1.08 (0.82–1.42)

1.03 (0.75–1.40)

1.01 (0.75–1.37)

41+

0.75 (0.55–1.02)

0.69 (0.50–0.94)

0.71 (0.52–0.98)

Sex

Male

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Female

1.32 (1.04–1.68)

1.21 (0.92–1.58)

1.17 (0.89–1.53)

Indigenous

No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

1.25 (0.95–1.65)

0.85 (0.60–1.21)

0.92 (0.66–1.30)

Years of education

≤10 years

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

> 10 years

0.78 (0.62–0.96)

0.96 (0.73–1.25)

0.96 (0.73–1.26)

Stable relationship^&

No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

0.78 (0.63–0.97)

0.86 (0.67–1.09)

0.90 (0.70–1.14)

Social visit^&

No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

0.71(0.57–0.89)

0.97 (0.75–1.25)

0.98 (0.76–1.26)

Stable accommodation^&

No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

0.76 (0.57–1.01)

0.97 (0.73–1.30)

0.94 (0.71–1.27)

Employment^&

No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

0.70 (0.56–0.87)

0.83 (0.66–1.05)

0.86 (0.68–1.10)

Intellectual disability

No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

1.27 (0.79–2.04)

1.36 (0.78–2.37)

1.31 (0.74–2.32)

High risk of harmful substance use

Alcohol - No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Alcohol – Yes

1.67 (1.26–2.21)

1.39 (1.02–1.91)

1.28 (0.94–1.75)

Methamphetamine - No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Methamphetamine – Yes

1.42 (0.99–2.03)

1.09 (0.76–1.56)

1.06 (0.74–1.53)

Heroin - No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Heroin – Yes

1.25 (0.91–1.73)

1.01 (0.70–1.47)

0.99 (0.68–1.44)

PAM score

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

ESSI score

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

0.98 (0.97-1.00)

0.98 (0.97-1.00)

History of juvenile detention

No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

1.49 (1.13–1.97)

1.33 (0.95–1.87)

1.30 (0.92–1.84)

Adult prison sentence

First

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Repeat

1.62 (1.27–2.06)

1.24 (0.92–1.67)

1.20 (0.90–1.61)

Release on parole

No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

1.00 (0.80–1.24)

1.03 (0.80–1.31)

1.00 (0.78–1.29)

Days for current prison sentence

< 90

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

90–365

0.81 (0.64–1.04)

0.82 (0.63–1.06)

0.84 (0.65–1.09)

> 365 days

0.76 (0.56–1.02)

0.74 (0.53–1.03)

0.78 (0.56–1.08)

Passports intervention

No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

1.01 (0.81–1.26)

0.96 (0.76–1.21)

0.97 (0.77–1.22)